Data protection refers to the practices, safeguards, and rules put in place to protect personal information and ensure that individuals’ privacy rights are respected. Data protection procedures in an organisation will involve the secure handling of data to prevent unauthorised access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction. Effective data protection measures are essential for maintaining trust, and for compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Related pages Data privacy Data classification Data disposal Worldwide data transfer Data controller Data processor Data subject rights Data breach

A data subject is an individual (natural person) whose personal data is collected, held, or processed by an organisation. Under GDPR and other related laws, data subjects have specific rights regarding their personal data, including the right to access, correct, and request the deletion of their data. Further reading Data Subject Definition in the GDPR act Related pages GDPR

Risk management failures often stem from flawed thinking. History is full of examples where cognitive biases led to catastrophic misjudgements. For example, during the 2008 financial crisis, confirmation bias led many investors and financial institutions to downplay warning signs of an unsustainable housing bubble, focusing only on data that supported continued growth while dismissing contradictory evidence. Similarly, overconfidence bias contributed to excessive risk-taking at firms like Lehman Brothers, where executives underestimated exposure to market downturns. ...

DeepSeek is a company that develops open-source artificial intelligence large language models. Further reading Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning - Deepseek-AI (PDF) Deepseek - Wikipedia

The EU Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) aims to ensure the resilience of digital services in the financial sector and prevent and mitigate cyber threats. Further reading Digital finance: Council adopts Digital Operational Resilience Act | European Council Operational Resilience: It’s a global issue | The International Banker Operational resilience in the UK, EU and US: A comparison | White and Case Operational Resilience | Herbert Smith Freehills Principles for Operational Resilience | BIS The EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act for financial services | Deloitte Introducing the Digital Operational Resilience Act | PwC Related pages Operational Resilience OR-2 | HKMA