Backpropagation is a supervised learning algorithm used for training artificial neural networks by minimising the error rate through gradient descent. Further reading Definition of backpropagation - Brilliant.org Backpropagation - Wikipedia
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig is a textbook that covers the theory and practice of artificial intelligence (AI). Originally published in 1995, the latest version is widely used in academic courses and is considered a leading resource in the field of AI. The book provides an in-depth exploration of various AI techniques, including machine learning, search algorithms, and natural language processing, making it an essential read for anyone interested in understanding the fundamentals and advancements in artificial intelligence. ...
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Machine learning book recommendations The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book by Andriy Burkov - Best machine learning overview Machine Learning For Absolute Beginners by Oliver Theobald - Best for absolute beginners Machine Learning for Hackers by Drew Conway and John Myles White - Best for programmers (who enjoy practical case studies) Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow by Geron Aurelien - Best for those who know Python Deep Learning by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville - Best book on deep learning An Introduction to Statistical Learning by Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani - Best for a statistics approach Programming Collective Intelligence by Toby Segaran - Best guide for practical application Fundamentals of Machine Learning for Predictive Data Analytics by John D. Kelleher, Brian Mac Namee, and Aoife D’Arcy - Best for an analytics approach Machine Learning for Humans by Vishal Maini and Samer Sabri - Best for a free resource Source: 9 Machine Learning Books for Beginners: a 2025 Guide - Coursera ...
Further reading Mixture of experts explained - Hugging face What is mixture of experts? - IBM Mixture of experts (MoE) - Wikipedia Related pages DBRX
The three main branches of machine learning are: Supervised Unsupervised Reinforcement learning Further reading Related pages Grokking Deep Reinforcement Learning, by Miguel Morales
Further reading Transformer - Wikipedia
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a measure of a machine’s ability to present intelligent behavior that indistinguishable from that of a human.